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Where Does The Largest Animal Migration In The World Take Place?

Written By Monday, May 23, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Periodic big-scale move of animals, usually seasonal

"Irruption" redirects here. For rapid changes in population size, run into Irruptive growth.

Animal migration is the relatively long-altitude movement of individual animals, ordinarily on a seasonal basis. It is the most common form of migration in environmental. It is constitute in all major animal groups, including birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, amphibians, insects, and crustaceans. The cause of migration may be local climate, local availability of food, the flavour of the year or for mating.

To be counted as a true migration, and non just a local dispersal or irruption, the movement of the animals should be an annual or seasonal occurrence, or a major habitat change as part of their life. An annual event could include Northern Hemisphere birds migrating due south for the winter, or wildebeest migrating annually for seasonal grazing. A major habitat change could include young Atlantic salmon or sea lamprey leaving the river of their birth when they accept reached a few inches in size. Some traditional forms of human being migration fit this design.

Migrations can be studied using traditional identification tags such every bit bird rings, or tracked straight with electronic tracking devices. Before animal migration was understood, folklore explanations were formulated for the appearance and disappearance of some species, such as that barnacle geese grew from goose barnacles.

Overview [edit]

Concepts [edit]

Migration can accept very different forms in different species, and has a variety of causes.[1] [ii] [3] As such, there is no simple accepted definition of migration.[4] One of the most commonly used definitions, proposed by the zoologist J. S. Kennedy[5] is

Migratory behavior is persistent and straightened-out motion effected by the animal's own locomotory exertions or by its active embarkation on a vehicle. It depends on some temporary inhibition of station-keeping responses, but promotes their eventual disinhibition and recurrence.[5]

Migration encompasses four related concepts: persistent straight movement; relocation of an private on a greater calibration (in both space and time) than its normal daily activities; seasonal to-and-fro motion of a population between ii areas; and movement leading to the redistribution of individuals within a population.[4] Migration can exist either obligate, meaning individuals must drift, or facultative, meaning individuals can "choose" to migrate or not. Within a migratory species or even within a single population, often not all individuals drift. Complete migration is when all individuals drift, fractional migration is when some individuals migrate while others do non, and differential migration is when the difference between migratory and non-migratory individuals is based on discernible characteristics similar age or sex.[4] Irregular (non-cyclical) migrations such as irruptions can occur under force per unit area of famine, overpopulation of a locality, or some more obscure influence.[half-dozen]

Seasonal [edit]

Seasonal migration is the move of various species from 1 habitat to another during the year. Resource availability changes depending on seasonal fluctuations, which influence migration patterns. Some species such every bit Pacific salmon drift to reproduce; every year, they swim upstream to mate and then return to the ocean.[7] Temperature is a driving factor of migration that is dependent on the fourth dimension of year. Many species, especially birds, migrate to warmer locations during the winter to escape poor environmental conditions.[8]

Circadian [edit]

Circadian migration is where birds utilise circadian rhythm (CR) to regulate migration in both autumn and spring. In circadian migration, clocks of both circadian (daily) and circannual (annual) patterns are used to determine the birds' orientation in both time and space every bit they migrate from one destination to the next. This type of migration is advantageous in birds that, during the winter, remain close to the equator, and likewise allows the monitoring of the auditory and spatial memory of the bird's encephalon to retrieve an optimal site of migration. These birds also have timing mechanisms that provide them with the distance to their destination.[9]

Tidal [edit]

Tidal migration is the use of tides by organisms to move periodically from one habitat to another. This blazon of migration is frequently used in order to find food or mates. Tides can conduct organisms horizontally and vertically for equally fiddling as a few nanometres to even thousands of kilometres.[10] The most common grade of tidal migration is to and from the intertidal zone during daily tidal cycles.[x] These zones are often populated by many different species and are rich in nutrients. Organisms like crabs, nematodes, and small fish move in and out of these areas equally the tides rising and autumn, typically about every twelve hours. The cycle movements are associated with foraging of marine and bird species. Typically, during low tide, smaller or younger species volition emerge to forage considering they tin survive in the shallower water and accept less chance of being preyed upon. During loftier tide, larger species can be institute due to the deeper water and nutrient upwelling from the tidal movements. Tidal migration is often facilitated by bounding main currents.[eleven] [12] [xiii]

Diel [edit]

While most migratory movements occur on an annual cycle, some daily movements are too described as migration. Many aquatic animals make a diel vertical migration, travelling a few hundred metres upwardly and downwardly the water cavalcade,[fourteen] while some jellyfish make daily horizontal migrations of a few hundred metres.[15]

In specific groups [edit]

Different kinds of animals migrate in different ways.

In birds [edit]

Flocks of birds assembling earlier migration southwards

Approximately 1,800 of the world's x,000 bird species drift long distances each year in response to the seasons.[16] Many of these migrations are north-southward, with species feeding and breeding in loftier northern latitudes in the summer and moving some hundreds of kilometres south for the winter.[17] Some species extend this strategy to migrate annually between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. The Arctic tern has the longest migration journeying of any bird: it flies from its Arctic breeding grounds to the Antarctic and back once more each year, a distance of at to the lowest degree 19,000 km (12,000 mi), giving information technology two summers every year.[eighteen]

Bird migration is controlled primarily by 24-hour interval length, signalled by hormonal changes in the bird's body.[xix] On migration, birds navigate using multiple senses. Many birds use a sunday compass, requiring them to recoup for the lord's day'south changing position with fourth dimension of twenty-four hours.[twenty] Navigation involves the ability to detect magnetic fields.[21]

In fish [edit]

Most fish species are relatively limited in their movements, remaining in a single geographical area and making brusque migrations to overwinter, to spawn, or to feed. A few hundred species migrate long distances, in some cases of thousands of kilometres. About 120 species of fish, including several species of salmon, drift betwixt saltwater and freshwater (they are 'diadromous').[22] [23]

Forage fish such equally herring and capelin migrate around substantial parts of the North Atlantic bounding main. The capelin, for example, spawn around the southern and western coasts of Republic of iceland; their larvae migrate clockwise around Iceland, while the fish swim northwards towards Jan Mayen island to feed and return to Republic of iceland parallel with Greenland's east coast.[24]

In the 'sardine run', billions of Southern African pilchard Sardinops sagax spawn in the common cold waters of the Agulhas Bank and move northward along the east coast of South Africa between May and July.[25]

In insects [edit]

Some winged insects such every bit locusts and certain collywobbles and dragonflies with potent flight migrate long distances. Amongst the dragonflies, species of Libellula and Sympetrum are known for mass migration, while Pantala flavescens, known as the earth skimmer or wandering glider dragonfly, makes the longest bounding main crossing of any insect: between India and Africa.[26] Uncommonly, swarms of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria, flew westwards across the Atlantic Ocean for four,500 kilometres (two,800 mi) during October 1988, using air currents in the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone.[27]

In some migratory butterflies, such as the monarch butterfly and the painted lady, no individual completes the whole migration. Instead, the butterflies mate and reproduce on the journey, and successive generations continue the migration.[28]

In mammals [edit]

Some mammals undertake infrequent migrations; reindeer have one of the longest terrestrial migrations on the planet, reaching equally much as 4,868 kilometres (iii,025 mi) per twelvemonth in N America. All the same, over the course of a year, grey wolves move the most. One grayness wolf covered a total cumulative almanac distance of 7,247 kilometres (4,503 mi).[29]

Mass migration occurs in mammals such as the Serengeti 'neat migration', an annual round pattern of movement with some 1.7 million wildebeest and hundreds of thousands of other big game animals, including gazelles and zebra.[30] [31] More than 20 such species engage, or used to appoint, in mass migrations.[32] Of these migrations, those of the springbok, black wildebeest, blesbok, scimitar-horned oryx, and kulan have ceased.[33] Long-distance migrations occur in some bats – notably the mass migration of the Mexican free-tailed bat betwixt Oregon and southern United mexican states.[34] Migration is important in cetaceans, including whales, dolphins and porpoises; some species travel long distances between their feeding and their breeding areas.[35]

Humans are mammals, merely homo migration, equally commonly defined, is when individuals oftentimes permanently change where they alive, which does non fit the patterns described here. An exception is some traditional migratory patterns such as transhumance, in which herders and their animals move seasonally betwixt mountains and valleys, and the seasonal movements of nomads.[36] [37]

In other animals [edit]

Amidst the reptiles, adult ocean turtles migrate long distances to breed, as do some amphibians. Hatchling body of water turtles, as well, emerge from underground nests, crawl down to the water, and swim offshore to reach the open up sea.[38] Juvenile greenish sea turtles make employ of Earth'southward magnetic field to navigate.[39]

Some crustaceans migrate, such as the largely-terrestrial Christmas Island carmine crab, which moves en masse each year by the millions. Like other crabs, they breathe using gills, which must remain moisture, so they avoid directly sunlight, digging burrows to shelter from the sun. They mate on state near their burrows. The females incubate their eggs in their intestinal brood pouches for ii weeks. They then return to the sea to release their eggs at high tide in the moon'due south last quarter. The larvae spend a few weeks at sea and and then render to land.[40] [41]

Tracking migration [edit]

A migratory butterfly, a monarch, tagged for identification

Scientists gather observations of creature migration by tracking their movements. Animals were traditionally tracked with identification tags such as bird rings for later recovery. However, no information was obtained about the actual route followed betwixt release and recovery, and only a fraction of tagged individuals were recovered. More than convenient, therefore, are electronic devices such as radio-tracking collars that tin be followed by radio, whether handheld, in a vehicle or aircraft, or past satellite.[42] GPS animal tracking enables accurate positions to exist broadcast at regular intervals, only the devices are inevitably heavier and more than expensive than those without GPS. An culling is the Argos Doppler tag, also chosen a 'Platform Transmitter Last' (PTT), which sends regularly to the polar-orbiting Argos satellites; using Doppler shift, the brute'due south location can be estimated, relatively roughly compared to GPS, but at a lower toll and weight.[42] A technology suitable for small birds which cannot carry the heavier devices is the geolocator which logs the lite level as the bird flies, for analysis on recapture.[43] There is telescopic for further evolution of systems able to track small animals globally.[44]

Radio-tracking tags tin can be fitted to insects, including dragonflies and bees.[45]

In culture [edit]

Before beast migration was understood, various sociology and erroneous explanations were formulated to account for the disappearance or sudden arrival of birds in an area. In Aboriginal Hellenic republic, Aristotle proposed that robins turned into redstarts when summer arrived.[46] The barnacle goose was explained in European Medieval bestiaries and manuscripts as either growing like fruit on copse, or developing from goose barnacles on pieces of driftwood.[47] Another instance is the swallow, which was once thought, even by naturalists such as Gilbert White, to hibernate either underwater, buried in muddy riverbanks, or in hollow trees.[48]

See besides [edit]

  • Great American Interchange

References [edit]

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Further reading [edit]

General [edit]

  • Aidley, D. J. (1981). Animal migration. Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-52123-274-half dozen.
  • Baker, R. R. (1978) The Evolutionary Ecology of Beast Migration. Holmes & Meier. ISBN 978-0-34019-409-half dozen.
  • Dingle, H. (1996) Migration: The Biology of Life on the Movement. Oxford Academy Press. ISBN 978-0-19802-577-i.
  • Gauthreaux, S. A. (1980) Animal Migration, Orientation, and Navigation. Academic Printing. ISBN 978-0-12277-750-ix.
  • Milner-Gulland, Due east. J., Fryxell, J. M., and Sinclair, A. R. E. (2011) Animal Migration: A Synthesis. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19956-899-4.
  • Rankin, Thousand. (1985) Migration: Mechanisms and Adaptive Significance: Contributions in Marine Science. Marine Science Institute. OCLC 747358527.
  • Riede, Grand. (2002) Global Annals of Migratory Species. With database and GIS maps on CD. ISBN 978-three-78433-826-2.

Past group [edit]

  • Drake, V. A. and Gatehouse, A. G. (1995) Insect migration: tracking resources through space and time. Cambridge University Printing. ISBN 978-0-52101-853-1
  • Elphick, J. (1995) The atlas of bird migration: tracing the peachy journeys of the world's birds. Random House. ISBN 978-1-55407-971-one
  • Greenberg, R. and Marra, P. P. (2005) Birds of Two Worlds: The Ecology and Evolution of Migration. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-80188-107-7
  • Lucas, Thou. C. and Baras, E. (2001) Migration of freshwater fishes. Blackwell Science. ISBN 978-0-47099-964-6
  • MacKeown, B. A. (1984) Fish migration. Timber Press. ISBN 978-0-91730-499-vi
  • Sonnenschein, E; Berthold, P. (2003) Avian migration. Springer. ISBN 978-iii-54043-408-5

For children [edit]

  • Gans, R. and Mirocha, P. How do Birds Find their Mode? HarperCollins. (Phase 2) ISBN 978-0-43969-940-2
  • Marsh, L. (2010) Amazing Animal Journeys. National Geographic Society. (Level 3) ISBN 978-0-00826-686-8

External links [edit]

  • Migration Basics from U.S. National Park Service
  • Witnessing the Great Migration in Serengeti and Masai Mara
  • Global Register of Migratory Species – identifies, maps and features 4,300 migratory vertebrate species
  • Animal migration on PubMed MeSH term F01.145.113.083

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_migration

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